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Privacy and Access Council of Canada

THE voice for privacy AND access

Bill C-22 — Strong Borders Act (2026)

An Act respecting certain measures relating to the security of the border between Canada and the United States and respecting other related security measure


Charter Statement

Justice Canada’s Charter Statement on Bill C-22

The Charter Statement shares some of the Minister’s key considerations that informed the review of the bill for inconsistency with the Charter.

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The full name of Bill C-2

Justice Canada’s Backgrounder on Bill C-22

The Charter Statement shares some of the Minister’s key considerations that informed the review of the bill for inconsistency with the Charter.

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Explainer: Bill C-22 increases risk of surveillance state, government spying

Bill C-22 no longer contains some of the controversial measures that the Canadian Constitution Foundation warned about, but it appears to create an even greater risk of a surveillance state than Bill C-2.

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Canada’s Bill C-22: New Police Powers Raise Privacy Alarms

The Liberal government announced a new digital surveillance legislation. This bill hands more power to the cops and intelligence agents so they can keep tabs on criminals or terror suspects online.

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The Lawful Access Privacy Risks: Unpacking Bill C-22’s Expansive Metadata Retention Requirements

Mandatory metadata retention is one of the most privacy invasive tools a government can deploy. It wasn’t in the original lawful access bill, but has been quietly added to Bill C-22

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A Tale of Two Bills

Lawful access returns with changes to warrantless access, but dangerous backdoor surveillance risks remain

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Bill C-2 Redline

A (hastily created) comparison showing the changes to the government’s earlier attempt (Parts 14 and 15 of Bill C-2). Credit Christopher Ferguson

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Ottawa Reboots Its Lawful Access Bill: What C-22 Fixes and What It Doesn’t

A snapshot of key changes that stand out in C-22

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Federal government pitches new bill increasing law enforcement’s access to information

Bill C-22 increases law enforcement’s access to information through the introduction of new tools.

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New lawful access bill still lacking

The federal government has tabled Bill C-22, a second attempt at legislation, but observers said it only fixes a few of the problems that plagued C-2, tabled last year

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New lawful access bill still lacking

A new lawful access law aimed at helping police and national security agencies identify people suspected of crimes online.

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Lawful Access (Bill C22) is a Stealth Attack on Canadian Liberties

Bill C-22 grants Public Safety Minister Gary Anandasangaree unprecedented authority to shape and enforce surveillance mandates with minimal checks. 

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Canada’s Bill C-22 Mandates Mass Metadata Surveillance of Canadians

The government insists it isn’t surveilling ordinary Canadians; it’s just requiring every company to store their location data, device information, and daily movements for a year, just in case.

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Lawful Access is Back: All about Bill C-22 

The new Bill C-22 (Lawful Access) will create new info demands and require “electronic service providers” to create new surveillance capabilities. Part 1 is improved from Bill C-2 but Part 2 is bad creating an expansive surveillance infrastructure.

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PACC is dedicated to the development and promotion of the access-to-information, information privacy, and data governance profession across the private, non-profit and public sectors.

PACC is the certifying body for access and privacy professionals, and engages in outreach efforts to advance awareness about access, privacy, and data protection.

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